Retractions

Retractions are issued when serious errors or ethical concerns (e.g., plagiarism, data fabrication, or research misconduct) are identified in a published article. Retractions may be initiated by the authors, editors, or readers and will be evaluated by the editorial board. When an article is retracted:

• A formal retraction notice will be published, explaining the reason for retraction.
• The original article will remain available but marked as retracted.
• Retractions will be indexed in relevant databases to maintain transparency and research integrity.

Corrections

Before publication, authors receive a draft copy of their article to review and verify any editorial changes. Authors are responsible for ensuring accuracy and should notify the editorial office of any necessary corrections at this stage.

Corrections may include:

• Typographical errors
• Minor data errors that do not alter interpretations
• Mislabelling of figures or tables

This policy ensures that scholarly integrity is maintained while allowing for corrections and updates when necessary. For inquiries related to corrections or retractions, authors and readers may contact the editorial office.